What cell part is never found in animal cells?

The Cell Theory:

1. All living things are made of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of life.
3. Cells come only from other cells.

Clinical Lab
Technician

Plant cells and animal cells are similar, but do not have exactly the same cell parts and shape.

2. Cytoplasm
   1. A thick, aqueous solution of salts surrounding the organelles inside the cell membrane.
   2. Nutrients and minerals spread through the cytoplasm to all parts of the cell.
   3. The constant motion of this gel-like substance is called cytoplasmic streaming.

3. Nucleus
   1. The structure inside the cell that directs cell activities.
   2. Contains the DNA of a cell.

4. Cell wall
   1. On the outside of some cells, bacteria and plants, this structure functions for support and protection.
   2. There are pores in the cell wall allowing substances to come in contact with the cell membrane.
   3. Types of cell walls:

1.     Primary cell wall - formed during cell growth, it is composed of parallel layers of cellulose and pectin. This structure allows the cell to expand as it grows. While it does provide support, it is not nearly as strong as the secondary cell wall.

2.     Secondary cell wall - formed after cell growth stops, it is composed of interwoven cellulose and lignin fibers. This structure is very strong, but does not give. It gives plants their "woody" characteristic.

5. Ribosome

1. The sites of protein synthesis in a cell.
2. These small, spherical structures are the most numerous organelles in almost all cells.
3. Some ribosome's produce protein to be used within the cell and some produce protein that is "exported" to other parts of an organism.

6. Endoplasmic reticulum

1. A membrane system of folded sacs and tunnels in the cytoplasm.
2. Rough "ER" is covered with ribosome's. It is common in cells that export proteins and directs the proteins flow.
3. Smooth "ER" as few or no ribosome's. It functions as a pathway for molecules to follow.

7. Golgi Apparatus

1. A stack of membranes or sacs that acts to prepare substances for export from the cell.
2. Once the Golgi apparatus has enclosed the final product in a vesicle, or pouch, the product is sent through the cell membrane.

8. Mitochondria

1. Respiration centers of a cell.
2. Large organelles scattered through most cells, they are most numerous in cells that use a lot of energy like liver and muscle cells.

9. Lysosome  (animation)

1. Digestive centers of a cell.
2. They contain many different types of enzymes and digest things from food particles (macromolecules) to a cell's own worn out parts.

10. Vacuole

1. Most common in plant cells, they are storage sites within a cell.

11. Chloroplast

1. Mostly found in plant cells and algae.

2. Performs photosynthesis - converting light energy into chemical energy.

12. Cytoskeleton

    1. Internal meshwork of protein fibers the provide structural support and involved in various types of cell movement.

    2. Three mains types:

       1. microfilaments - thinnest type, solid rods composed of actin (globular protein) twisted double chain, support cell shape

       2. microtubules - thickest type, straight hollow tubes composed of globular proteins called tubulins, disassemble and reassemble, act as tracks for organelles

       3. intermediate filaments - in between in thickness, made of fibrous protein, rope like structure, reinforce cell shape and anchor certain organelles

    3. Flagella and Cilia - composed of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane

       1. Provides locomotion in eukaryotic cells

Assignment 1.3a - Cells and the Cell Cycle
Scoring criteria

Honors biology:  Complete all parts  (view weekly outline for possible changes on this assignment)

Part 1

1.      Who developed the cell theory and in what year? What is the bases for this theory?

2.      What hypothesis or theories suggest were cells originated? Protocells is one idea can you find another? Explain

3.      What are the differences between a prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell. Include a diagram of each to support your answer.

4.   Compare and contrast animal and plant cells, structurally how are they different?

 5.    Right click on this The living cell and "save target as" to your desk top. Once it has finished downloading view the video and complete the video quiz. Write the video quiz questions and answers with today’s assignment.

Part 2

1. Visit this virtual cell web page Read the "how to use link" Using the virtual cell web page and the “School bus” link to complete this handout: Word doc. format Html format:  (when finished attached to the back of this assignment)

Part 3

How well do you know the function of organelles? Well just like a car salesperson needs to know their cars you are going to need to know your organelles and cells because you are about to become a dealer in the competitive market of cell sales.

Click on this link to find out what your task will be as a new employee of Cell-to-Cell Sales.

Honors biology: 

1.      Build a cell: See link for details (This portion of the assignment will have a separated due date and be completed outside of class)

2.   This is a nice site to practice building a cell online.

Section 3-Cells and the Cell Cycle: Part b

(cell membrane)

Some substances, like water, move freely through the cell membrane by a process known as osmosis. In osmosis, particles move easily from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration by molecular motion only. Cells can push particles in the opposite direction, from low concentration to high, but it will take energy from the cell to do this.

Visit this site on Diffusion and Osmosis

1.  What is the animation in the box showing? (explain in at least one paragraph) You may need to hit refresh on your browser to reactivate the animation.

2.  Watch the animation of water molecules moving across a selectively permeable membrane. Why are the water molecules moving to the right? Hint: Osmosis (Explain in at least a paragraph)

3.     Look at the section on "Types of Solutions". Explain what would happen to a cell if it was put in the following solutions:

1.      isotonic

2.      hypertonic

3.     hypotonic

4.   What is Active Transport and when is it needed by the cell?

For more help on Osmosis visit this site and try out the simulations

Assignment 1.3b - Cells and the Cell Cycle 

Honors biology: read honors section below first   (adobe shockwave download )

1.   Complete the "Visit this site on Diffusion and Osmosis" Activity above and place the questions and answers here.

2.       Explain in your words how osmosis affects a cell?

3.   How are active and passive transport within a cell different?

4.   What is the function of the cell membrane?

5.   What does a phospholipid look like? Why is it an important part of animal cells?

6.   How does the cell membrane assist the cell in connecting and communicating with other cells?

7.   Draw a model of a segment of a Eukaryotic cell membrane. Label and describe function of parts.

Honors biology: Instead of the questions above visit the following site   and complete 1-6 below (word version ).

1.      Read through Membrane Structure concept 1 and the review.

• Complete practice 1- list your answers A-H here

2.      Read through Osmosis concept 2 and the review.

• Complete practice 2- identify the concept being practiced and then write an explanation of how the practice item is modeling that concept (what is happening in the activity and why?).

3.  Read through Selective Permeability of Membranes concept 3 and the review.

• Complete practice 3 - identify the concept being practiced and then write an explanation of how the practice item is modeling that concept (what is happening in the activity and why?).

4.      Read through Passive and Active Transport concept 4 and the review.

• Complete practice 4 - list your answers for both the facilitated diffusion practice and active transport practice and then explain why the answers differ between the two.

5.      Concept 5 Mechanisms of Active Transport goes above and beyond what is required for this class but you can take a look at it if you would like.

6.   Complete the practice quiz at the end and write your answers here (questions 10, 11, 14, & 15 come from concept 5 and can be done to go above and beyond what is required)

Section 3-Cells and the Cell Cycle: Part c

S4.C1.PO(1-5) S2.C1.PO(1-4)

Size of living things:

The smallest known living thing on Earth is a bacteria in the genus Coxiella. These bacteria are about 8 millionths of an inch (0.2 micrometers) in diameter. Their small size means these bacteria contain only 100 million to 120 million atoms. While this may seem like a large number, keep in mind that the human body has over 5 Billion cells. It is believed that fewer atoms would be unable to build the structures needed to store information and carry out the metabolic processes needed for life.

The largest known animal is the blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus. It is known to reach lengths over 100 feet (30+ meters) and weigh 120 tons. The chart below indicates that all animal cells are about 10 micrometers in diameter. This means that the cells of a blue whale and a human are essentially the same size.

Assignment 1.3c - Cells and the Cell Cycle
Scoring criteria

Honors biology: Read honors section below first.

Question: Would a cell survive if it grew to be the size of your head?