Chordata Notochord Dorsal nerve chord Pharyngeal pouches Post-anal tail Cephalochordata Lancelets Urochordata Tunicates Vertebrata Vertebrates Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Pelvic girdle Pectoral girdle Agnatha Cartilage	Chondrichthyes Placoid scales Osmoregulation Osteichthyes Integument Lobe-finned fish Coelacanth Lungfish Ray-finned fish Adipose fin Lateral line Chromatophores Operculum Swim bladder Heart Atrium	Ventricle Arteries Veins Capillaries Brain Forebrain Olfactory lobes Cerebrum Midbrain Optic lobes Hindbrain Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Spawn Milt

The Chordates

What Arizona fish has a cartilage skeleton?

All members of the Phylum Chordata have the following characteristics, at least at some time during their development.

Notochord A firm, flexible rod of specialized cells that becomes the endoskeleton in vertebrates. Dorsal nerve cord A hollow tube above the notochord that becomes the spinal chord and brain in vertebrates: Pharyngeal pouches Out-pockets in the pharynx, the portion of the digestive tract between the mouth and the esophagus. Become gill chambers and gills in aquatic chordates. Become jaws, inner ear, and tonsils in terrestrial chordates. Post-anal tail A tail located posterior to the anal opening.

• Subphylum Cephalochordata: contains about 24 species of blade-shaped animals known as lancelets. They retain the notochord, dorsal nerve chord, pharyngeal pouches, and postanal tail throughout their life.
• Subphylum Urochordata: contains 2,000 species commonly called tunicates because their bodies are covered by a tough covering, or tunic. They are also known as sea squirts because they shoot out a stream of water when touched. Most tunicates are sessile, barrel-shaped, filter feeding animals that live on the sea bottom. Adult tunicates have a pouch-like pharynx with slits, but they do not have a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, or postanal tail. These chordate characteristics are lost during metamorphosis.

The phylum is named for the vertebrae (vertebral column).
Parts of the axial skeleton:
• Skull bones protecting the brain.
• Backbone - bones protecting the nerve cord and supporting the body.
Parts of the appendicular skeleton:
• The pelvic and pectoral girdles attach to the axial skeleton.
• Front limbs attach to the pectoral girdle and hind limbs attach to the pelvic girdle.

Of the 7 classes of vertebrates, three are fish.

See where fish fit into Earth's history.

1 - Class Agnatha the jaw-less fish (lampreys and hagfish)

Class characteristics:

Eel-shaped body
Cartilage skeleton
Unpaired fins
Jawless mouth

2 - Class Chondrichthyes the cartilage fish (sharks, rays, and skates)

Class characteristics:

Cartilage skeleton
Placoid Scales
Rows of Teeth

3.1a Assignment - Chordates, Vertebrates & Fish

1. Open this diagram, chordate phylogenetic tree, and label the missing derived characteristics that define the major clades of chordates (your text might be helpful). (paste into assignment)
2. List and describe the characteristics of the phylum Chordata?
3. Are there any animals in the phylum chordata that are invertebrates? If yes give its common name..
4. Open this diagram of  a lancelet (amphioxus) and label its parts (paste into assignment) . Which subphylum does this organism belong in? Explain your answer. How are these animals related to humans?
5. Open this diagram of a Tunicate and label its parts (paste into assignment). Why is this organism included under the chordate phylum when it does not seem to have a notochord as an adult?
6. Describe the characteristics that define the Subphylum Vertebrata.
7. You remember that hind limbs attach to the pelvic girdle. What two families of snakes have a pelvic girdle?
8. The human backbone is divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx vertebrae. How many vertebrae make up each of these parts?
9. Name one species of lamprey. What phylum does it belong in? Why?
10. Compare and contrast the characteristics for the classes agnatha and chondrichthyes.
11. Right click on this(Vertebrate: fish & amphibians) and "save target as" to you desktop. After video has downloaded watch video both segments and complete the short quizzes at the end of each segment. Write your answer here.

     

Honors biology: complete this question along with the section above.

1. Pick one representative animal from the class chondrichthyes, supply a picture and give a detailed description of the animals habitat, life cycle/reproduction, feeding habits/method, morphology, and if any, interactions with humans.

Bony skeleton
Integument (skin)
Scales

 
3.1b  Computer Assignment - Chordates, Vertebrates & Fish

1. Use PowerPoint, word, or paint to make the following slide:
   1. Paste this fish diagram onto a slide.
   2. Add text to label all external part of the fish.
   3. Add small text to describe the motion produced by each type of fin.
2. Make another slide with the following
   1. Paste this Fish diagram onto a slide.
   2. Add text to label all the internal parts
   3. Provide a short description of each part.
   4. Make sure to type your name, date, class period and assignment title on top

Honors section: complete both 1, 2 and 3

3. Paste this fish picture onto a new PowerPoint slide.
   1. The following fish are represented on the picture:
      • channel catfish
      • orangethroat darter
      • tadpole madtom
      • quillback
      • blackspotted topminnow
      • bluegill
      • stickelback
      • black redhorse
      • blackside darter
      • spotfin shiner
   2. Use this fish key to identify the fish and place the correct name below each fish on your slide.

Unit 3 Section 1 part c

Information and today's assignment for bony fish.

Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class Aves Class Mammalia

3.1d Assignment - Chordates, Vertebrates & Fish

1. Use the links above to write a summary comparing the hearts of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals (diagrams help).
2. Create a table that list the characteristics that define each of these classes: Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia
3. In the same table list at least two representative animals for each class.

4. Compare and contrast the characteristics of these classes:

   a. How are the amphibians different then the reptiles? How are they they same?

   b. Explain the differences between the reptiles and the Aves. Discuss their similarities.

   c. Explain the differences between the Aves and the Mammals. What similarities do they have?

   d.What characteristics do they all share? What characteristics are unique to each?

5. Find one item that is very interesting about each of the classes and write about it here.
6. Use these vertebrate keys to determine if the following statements are true or false.
   1. Bony fish in the Order Pleuronectiformes have an asymmetrical skull.
   2. Bony fish in the Order Syngnathiforme have a body covered with bony plates.
   3. Bony fish in the Order Gadiformes have no chin barbles.
   4. Amphibians in the Order Anura have tails as adults.
   5. Amphibians in the Suborder Salamandroidea have teeth in the roof of their mouth.
   6. Birds in the Order Ciconiiformes have adaptations for wading.
   7. Reptiles in the Suborder Lacertilia have a leathery shell.
   8. Turtles in the Family Testudinidae have plastron with 12 shields.
   9. Mammals in the Order Edentata have forelimbs modified into flippers.
7. Right click on this(life science: reptiles) and "save target as" to you desktop. After video has downloaded watch video and answer the questions below.
   1. What does scale skin do for a reptile?
   2. How do snakes use scales?
   3. What has happened to scales in turtles?
   4. What does cold blooded animal mean?
   5. What are the largest predatory lizards?
   6. How many species of snakes exist in the world today?
   7. Explain how snakes use their tongues?
   8. Why do lizards have a hard time running for long periods of time?
   9. How long ago were the reptiles body plan established?
8. Right click on this (life science: birds) and "save target as" to you desktop. After video has downloaded watch video and answer the following questions
   1. How have birds adapted to make flight easier?
   2. How many species of birds contain feathers?
   3. Why do some birds migrate at certain times of the year?
   4. How much do hummingbirds eat a day?
   5. What percent of Golden Eagle young survive?
   6. Which type of bird has the best hearing?
   7. What is the most colorful parrot?
   8. What type of bird has the best eyesight?
   9. How do vultures obtain food?

Honors biology: Complete the following in place of number 5 above.

1. Choose one species of bird to highlight. Give the birds common and scientific name, how it has adapted to its environment, its habitat, physical characteristics and morphology, reproduction/life cycle, food sources, and any interesting facts. Include a picture of your bird.

Research Links:

• Search - The Animal Diversity Web
• Species Identification - Audubon Field Guides Online
• Vertebrate Animals Hotlist - The Franklin Institute
• Zoology Resource Guide - BIOSIS
• Animal Links - From Wildlife Web
• Shark Facts - Vancouver Aquarium
• Fish Anatomy - Fish of
• Search - BIODIDAC, digital biology resources
• Fish - Nova

   

   

  

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

     

   

  The only fish in Arizona with a cartilage skeleton is the lamprey.

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

     

   

  Catfish do not have a body covered with scales.

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

     

   

  The toes of reptiles have claws, while the toes of amphibians do not.